Understanding Sciatica: Symptoms, Causes, and When to Seek Help
Sciatica is a term that often gets used to describe any form of lower back or leg pain, but it’s much more specific than general back discomfort. True sciatica refers to irritation or compression of the sciatic nerve, the longest nerve in the body. This nerve runs from the lower spine, through the buttocks, and down the back of each leg. When inflamed or compressed, it can cause a wide range of uncomfortable and sometimes debilitating symptoms.
Common Symptoms of Sciatica
The hallmark symptom of sciatica is pain that radiates along the path of the sciatic nerve. This usually affects only one side of the body. The intensity and type of pain can vary depending on the severity and underlying cause. Common signs and symptoms include:
Radiating leg pain that often begins in the lower back or buttock and shoots down the leg
Numbness or tingling in the leg or foot
Muscle weakness in the affected leg
A burning or electric shock-like sensation
Pain that worsens with prolonged sitting, standing, or certain movements like bending or twisting
In some cases, the pain can be severe enough to interfere with daily activities like walking, sleeping, or working.
What Causes Sciatica?
Sciatica is not a diagnosis in itself, but a symptom of an underlying issue. The most common causes include:
Herniated or slipped disc: When a disc in the lower spine bulges out or ruptures, it can press against the sciatic nerve.
Degenerative disc disease: As the discs wear down over time, the narrowing of the spinal canal (spinal stenosis) can compress nerve roots.
Piriformis syndrome: A tight piriformis muscle in the buttock can irritate the sciatic nerve nearby.
Trauma or injury: Falls, car accidents, or sports injuries can cause swelling or damage that impacts the sciatic nerve.
Postural issues and poor lifting technique: Repeated strain from sitting, slouching, or lifting improperly can increase the risk.
In rare cases, sciatica can be caused by serious conditions like tumors or infections, which is why professional evaluation is important when symptoms are severe or persistent.
When to Seek Professional Help
Mild sciatica often resolves with rest, gentle stretching, and time. However, ignoring persistent or worsening symptoms can prolong recovery or lead to long-term issues. It is advisable to consult a physical therapist or healthcare professional if any of the following are present:
Pain lasting more than one to two weeks
Symptoms getting worse rather than better
Difficulty standing, walking, or bearing weight on the affected leg
Loss of bladder or bowel control (a medical emergency)
Early assessment and targeted intervention can make a significant difference in recovery. A thorough evaluation will help determine the exact cause and the best course of treatment. This may include exercises to relieve pressure on the nerve, hands-on therapy to improve mobility, and advice on movement and posture.
Treatment Approaches in Physical Therapy
Physical therapy for sciatica focuses on addressing the root cause rather than just the symptoms. This typically involves:
Education and movement coaching to avoid positions or habits that aggravate the nerve
Targeted mobility and strengthening exercises to offload pressure from the spine and improve hip stability
Manual therapy to reduce stiffness and improve nerve mobility
Gradual return-to-activity programs tailored to the individual’s needs and lifestyle
An experienced therapist will adjust the approach depending on the severity and stage of the condition, helping build long-term resilience against future flare-ups.
Don’t Let Sciatica Linger
Sciatica can be frustrating, but it is also highly treatable. Ignoring the symptoms or masking them with medication may delay healing and lead to further complications. If pain is affecting movement, sleep, or quality of life, it is time to seek help. Early, focused treatment can relieve symptoms and improve overall function—getting back to daily life with confidence and less pain.